/fli6«o
hgu0fgf @)%*sf] k|f/+les cfsng cg';f/ #&&*(( hgtfx?sf] a;f]af; ePsf]
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf cfd hg;d'bfox?sf] / vf; u/L ;fdflhs ?kn] kl5k/]sf / cfly{s ?kn]
lakGg ca:yfdf /x]sf u/Llasf] /]vf d'lg k/]sf hgtfx?sf] hLag:t/nfO{ s;/L dfly
p7fpg] / ;fdflhs?kdf e]befa /lxt Pj+ cfly{s?kn] ;d'Ggt s~rgk'/sf] lgdf{0f s;/L
ug]{ eGg] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;do;fk]If ?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ laut b]lv at{dfg ;Dd ul/Psf
dfgaLo k|of;x? / ltgaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] cfwf/df hghLagdf ePsf] ?kfGt/0fnfO{ g}
clxn] ;Ddsf] dfgaLo ljsf;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;/L x]bf{ lhNnfaf;Lx?sf]
dfgaljsf; ;"rsf+s, n}+lus ;dtf ;"rsf+s, hgtfsf] afRg] cf};t cfo',
cf};t ufx{\:Yo pTkfbg, cf};t ;fIf/tf b/ / cf};t cfDbfgL h:tf ljleGg cfofdx?nfO{
b[li6ut ug'{ cfaZos x'g hfG5 . ;+If]kdf lhNnfsf] dfgaLo ljsf;sf] l:yltnfO{
x]bf{ hgtfsf] oftfoft ;]afdf kx'+r cem} klg afx«} dlxgf e/kbf]{ u/L k'–offpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . o;} u/L :jf:Yo ;]afsf] kx'+rdf vf; u/L cflbaf;L hg;d'bfosf]
a;f]af; afx'No /x]sf ef}uf]lns If]qsf ufla;x?df yk ;]af k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfaZostf
ljBdfg 5 . c:ktfn, :jf:Yos]Gb|, :jf:Yorf}sL / pkrf}sLx? :yflkt eP klg cfaZos
:jf:YosdL{x?sf] cefan] hgtfsf] :jf:Yo;]af kfpg] l:yltdf u'0ffTds kl/at{g cfPsf]
b]lvb}g . Psf tkm{ $) aif{ dflysf] pd]/ ;Dd af+Rg]x?sf] ;+Vof lgs} sd cyf{t
!&=$! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf{ tkm{ afrL/x]sf hgtfsf] kf]if0fsf] ca:yf
;d]t lgs} gfh's 5 . cf};t kf]if0f eGbf sd kf]if0fdf af+lr/x]sf hgtfsf] ;+Vof
@^=(* k|ltzt b]lvG5 . hg:jf:Yosf] If]qdf kl5Nnf lbgx?df b]lvPsf] ;sf/fTds /
pHjn kIfsf] ?kdf $)) hg;+Vofsf] aLrdf ag]sf] cfdf;d"x / To:tf
cfdf;d"xx?af6 lgaf{lrt dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]lasfx?sf] em08} &)) ;+Vofsf]
lhNnf e/L km}lnPsf] ;+hfnaf6 hg:t/df k'–ofOPsf] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]afaf6
b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdx?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lkpg] kfgLsf] ;'ljwf 3/ jl/ kl/ g} ePsf hgtfsf] ;+Vof *^+=^(
k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 eg] Ps 306f 6f9faf6
kfgL NofO lkpg]x? & k|ltzt ;f] eGbf 6f9faf6 kfgL NofO lkpg]x? ^=#! k|ltzt
/x]sf 5g\ .
lzIff
tkm{ k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;a} lhNnfaf;Lx?sf] k|fylds clwsf/sf] ?kdf cem} klg
Jofjxfl/s ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g / cBfalw :s'n hfg] pd]/sf !# k|ltzt afn
aflnsf x?n] :s'n egf{ eO k9g kfO /x]sf 5}gg\ . klxnf] s'/f t @ ls=ld= leq} :s'n
k'Ug] u/L :s'nx?sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g / :yflkt :s'nx?df ;d]t sIffsf]7fx?sf]
sdL x'g' / lzIfs laBfyL{ cg'kft !M&# /xg' :jo+df la8Dagfk"0f{ l:ylt 5
eg] csf{ tkm{ dfla / pRr dflasf] lzIff k"/f u/]sf o'afx?sf] ;d]t
/f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / dfWolds :t/sf] lzIffnfO{
Jofj;fflos g agfP;Dd xfn lzIffdf b]lvPsf] lg/fzfhgs l:yltsf] cGTo x'g] ;+efjgf
klg b]lvb}g .
s[lif
If]qdf ;+nUg hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt &) eGbf a9L eP klg ;sn ufx\{:Yo pTkfbgdf
s[lifIf]qsf] of]ubfg #! k|ltzt dfq 5 / laut #) aif{sf] hg;+Vof a[l4b/ - cf=a=
@)@* df ^**^# dfq hg;+Vof /x]sf] s~rgk'/df xfn @)%*df cfP/ #&&*((
hg;+Vof k'Uf]sf] _#) aif{sf] cf};t a[l4 b/ %=*^k|ltztnfO{ x]bf{ / cfp+bf @)
aif{df !)–!) aif{sf] cGt/fndf a[l4b/nfO{ xfnsf] #=(! af6 36fP/ s|dzM #=# / @=(
df emfg]{ xf] eg] klg @)&* df s~rgk'/sf] hg;+Vof ^*^%#( df k'Ug]5, cyf{t casf]
@) aif{kl5 xfdL ;+u clxn] eGbf yk #)*^$) hgtfnfO{ vfg], a:g], lzIff / :jf:Yo
;]af kfpgsf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . x'g ;S5 xfn vfBfGg lgsf;L
u/L /x]sf] xfd|f] lhNnfdf s[lifdf pTkfbsTj a9fOPg eg] To; a]nf s+xL aflx/af6
vfBfGg Nofpg g k/f];\ . To;}n] lhNnfsf] ;du| dfgaLo ljsf;sf] nflu g eO gx'g]
cfly{s ljsf; / cem To;df klg cf}Bf}lus ljsf;sf] af6f] ckgfO yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ug{ ;lsPg eg] lhNnfaf;Lx?sf] dfgaLo ljsf;sf] af6f] g} ca?4 x'g hfG5 .
dfgaLo
ljsf;sf] csf]{ kIf eg]sf] xfn ;dfhdf ;a} sf]0faf6 kl5 k/]sf dlxnfx?,
cflbaf;Lx?, pTkLl8tx? / ckf+ux?sf] nflu vf; / 7f];?kdf pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs /
cfly{s x}l;ot p7fpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? g x'g' / eO xfn] klg ltgsf] k|efasf/L
sfof{Gjog gx'g' klg xf] . lHfNnfaf;Lx?sf] d'Vo ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hUufsf]
laa]rgf ubf{ cf};t e":jfldTj )=(# x]S6/ dfq b]lvG5 ha ls sl/a !)))) kl/af/
cBfalw e"ldxLg ca:yfdf 5g\ . lhNnfaf;L hgtfsf] k|lt kl/af/ cfDbfgL ? !@*$(
dfq b]lvg cfPsf] 5 eg] lhNnf aflx/ vfBfGg k7fpg] s~rgk'/ lhNnfdf cfˆgf]
kfl/afl/s cfDbfgLn] !@ dlxgf vfg k'Ug]x? ^) k|ltzt dfq 5g\ . af+sL !) k|ltzt
hgtfnfO{ ( b]lv !! dlxgf;Dd dfq vfg k'U5 . To;} u/L ^ b]lv ( dlxgf vfg k'Ug]
!^=%* k|ltzt hgtf 5g\ eg] wf} wf} u/L ^ dlxgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] >]0fLdf em08} !$
k|ltzt hgtf /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf hgtfx?sf]
u/Llasf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ :yfgLo ?kdf aif{ e/L vfg k'Ug]x?sf] lx;fan]
u0fgf ubf{ $) k|ltzt hgtf u/Llasf] /]vf d'lg b]lvG5g\ .
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf ;a}
!( ufla;x? / Ps dfq gu/kflnsfsf] ;du| dfga ljsf;sf] l:yltnfO{ t'ngfTds?kdf x]g{
/ a'em\g lgDg !@ j6f ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0ffTds tflnsf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 M
;"rsx?
o jif{ e/L vfBfGg k'Ug] kl/jf/
o cf}ift kl/jf/sf] cfo
o cf}ift k|lt kl/jf/ hUuf :jfldTj
o ;fIf/tf b/ k|ltztdf
o cf}ift ljBfno cWoog jif{
o ljBfno hfgsf nflu ! lsldleq ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt
o Xof08 kDkaf6 vfg]kfgL pkNfJw hg;+Vof k|ltzt
o cf}ift cfo' jif{
o $ lsld leq afx«} dlxgf ;8s ;'ljwf ePsf] hg;+Vof
k|ltzt
o rkL{ k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/
o s'kf]if0fsf] l:ylteGbf dfly /x]sf] hg;+Vof k|ltzt
o ;~rf/ -6]nkmf]g_ ;'ljwf k|fKt hg;+Vof
o; cfwf/af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{
dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf ;aeGbf ljsl;t b]lvG5 eg] o;s} xf/fxf/Ldf >Lk'/ uflj; klg
ljsl;t /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] qmddf bf]>f] >]0fLdf kg]{ uflj;x?df bf]wf/f,
;"8f / lqe'jgj:tL k/]sf 5g\ eg] u >]0fLdf kg]{ uflj;x?df nIdLk'/ /
sflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L 3 >]0fLdf z+s/k'/, emnf/L, /fdk'/ ljnf;Lk'/,
/}sjf/ljrjf, rfFbgL / jfO;]ljrjf k/]sf 5g\ eg] afFsL ª >]0fLdf kg]{ uflj;x?
qmdzM a]n8f8L, /f}tnLljrjf, s[i0fk'/, b]vte'nL, lkknf8L, k/f;g / b}hL /x]sf 5g\
.
gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x?sf] leGg
leGg ljifout dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;"rsfÍx?sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljsf; qmdsf] km/s
km/s l:ylt lgDg gS;fx?df b]vfOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf g+. 21 M ;dflji^ 12 ljsf; ;"rsx?sf]
cfwf/df uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfsf] ljsf; qmd
|
qm=;+= |
uflj=;= tyf gu/kflnsf |
jif{el/ vfBfGg k'Ug] kl/jf/ Ü |
cg'kft |
cf}ift kl/jf/sf] cfo ?= |
cg'kft |
cf}ift k|ltkl/jf/ hUuf :jfldTj x]=df |
cg'kft |
;fIf/tfb/ k|ltztdf |
cg'kft |
cf}ift ljBfno cWoogjif{ |
cg'kft |
! ls=dL=leq ljBfno hfg] ljBfyL{sf] Ü |
cg'kft |
Xof08 kDkaf6 vf=kf= pkNfJw hg;+Vof Ü |
cg'kft |
cf};t cfo'jif{ |
cg'kft |
$ lsldleq ;8s k'u]sf]hg;+Vof Ü |
cg'kft |
rkL{ k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ Ü |
cg'kft |
s'kf]if0fsf] l:ylteGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof Ü |
cg'kft |
;~rf/ ;'ljwf |
cg'kft |
!@ dfkb08sf] cf}ift cg'kft |
gkf tyf
uflj;x?sf] ;du| ljsf; auL{s/0f |
|
1 |
dx]Gb|gu/ |
65.61 |
0.055 |
22903 |
0.089 |
0.57 |
0.031 |
75.63 |
0.067 |
3.6 |
0.088 |
78.95 |
0.057 |
90.82 |
0.051 |
61.568 |
0.053 |
82.95 |
0.044 |
29.3 |
0.083 |
83.79 |
0.080 |
36.337 |
0.203 |
0.075 |
s |
|
2 |
>Lk'/ |
81.31 |
0.068 |
20247 |
0.079 |
1.16 |
0.062 |
66.92 |
0.059 |
1.2 |
0.029 |
55.17 |
0.040 |
89.98 |
0.050 |
76.806 |
0.066 |
86.21 |
0.046 |
46.52 |
0.132 |
46.06 |
0.044 |
23.465 |
0.131 |
0.067 |
s |
|
3 |
bf]wf/f |
61.44 |
0.052 |
14185 |
0.055 |
0.68 |
0.037 |
61.03 |
0.054 |
2.6 |
0.063 |
76.92 |
0.055 |
98.65 |
0.055 |
54.671 |
0.047 |
100 |
0.053 |
56.26 |
0.159 |
72.13 |
0.069 |
5.969 |
0.033 |
0.061 |
v |
|
4 |
;'8f |
56.6 |
0.048 |
16620 |
0.065 |
0.64 |
0.034 |
62.8 |
0.055 |
3.4 |
0.083 |
64.52 |
0.046 |
89.26 |
0.050 |
61.604 |
0.053 |
84.37 |
0.045 |
12.11 |
0.034 |
45.11 |
0.043 |
30.113 |
0.168 |
0.060 |
v |
|
5 |
lqe'jgj= |
54.42 |
0.046 |
9489 |
0.037 |
0.86 |
0.046 |
69.26 |
0.061 |
2.5 |
0.061 |
63.64 |
0.046 |
96.23 |
0.054 |
65.179 |
0.056 |
100 |
0.053 |
46.05 |
0.130 |
48.42 |
0.046 |
14.368 |
0.080 |
0.060 |
v |
|
6 |
nIdLk'/ |
64.39 |
0.054 |
25807 |
0.100 |
1.21 |
0.065 |
57.52 |
0.051 |
2.2 |
0.054 |
68 |
0.049 |
95.16 |
0.053 |
57.270 |