kof{j/0fLo ;+t'ngsf nflu
kfl/l:ylts h}ljs k|0ffnL Eco-System nfO{ ;+t'lnt ?kaf6 sfod /fVg jg, jg:klt tyf k|f0fLx?
aLrsf] :yflkt ;DaGwnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf sfod /fVg ;hutf ckgfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . lbuf]
ljsf;sf lglDt ljsf;sf] ljgf;nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngn] jg:klt jf k|f0fLx?sf] qmlds x|f; / ljgf; x'+b} cGttM nf]k
x'g] cj:yf ;[lhg ;S5 . ljifd xfjfkfgLdf ljleGg hft hfltsf k|f0fL / jg:klt
/x]sf] xfd|f] h:tf] lhNnfdf jg ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g sfo{df :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?sf]
;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . log} s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L @)$( ;fndf :yfgLo
jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ cfˆgf] b}lgs pkef]Uo jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtf u/fpg] p2]Zo /fvL
;fd'bflos jg btf{ ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 .
d=g=g=kf=
!) cGtu{t /x]sf] zfGtL ;f=j= ;a{ k|yd ;d"x u7g eO{ ;f=j= btf{ ;d]t
eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn cfP/ @* uf]6f ;f=j= x?n] jg ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf
;b'kof]udf ;xefuL eO{ /x]sf 5g\ .s~rgk'/ lhNnfdf ;d'b|L;txaf6 !&^ dL= sf]
;dy/ e"–efu b]lv !%@* dL= sf] cUnf] r"/] kj{t >[+vnfsf] prfO{;Dd cjl:yt
/x]sf] / o; lhNnfdf pi0f Tropical / pkf]i0f
Sub-tropical hojfo" o'Qm ePsf] sf/0f o; If]qdf s6';,
;fn, l;;f}+, c:gf, xNb', u'n/, cdnf, x/f]{, j/f}{, vo/, l;dn, ljho;fn, /fhj[If,
cflb hftsf lj?jfx? kfO{G5g\ . h;dWo] ljho;fn, v}/, l;dn cflb qmdzM nf]k x'+b}
hfg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/sf ?kdf Jofkfl/s cfo'j]{lbs dxTjsf]
b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm b]lvPsf lkknf, s'l/nf], ;tfj/L, cdnf, x/f]{, j/f]{, j]n,
lgd, jf]emf], ;fn / l;;f}+sf] ljof+, l;sfsfO{, jfljof], v/, 98\8L, ef]nf{sf]
jf]qmf, dx, cflb h:tf jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pknAwtf klg /x]sf] 5 .
o; lsl;dsf] ldl>t hnjfo'sf
sf/0f hLj hGt'df cg"s'n k|efj k/]sf] 5 / pgLx? o; lsl;dsf] jftfj/0fdf
;xhtfk"j{s cfk'mnfO{ vkfpg ;ls /x]sf] kfO{G5 . zfxL z'Snfkmf+6f jGo hGt'
cf/Ifleq /x]sf Plzofs} ;a} eGbf 7"nf 3f+;] d}bfgx? ljz]iftM z'Snfkmf+6f
-%# ju{ lsld_, l;ªk'/, /fwfk'/, ;"o{kmf+6f, j/s'nf kmf+6f, ch'{gL,
tf/fk'/, lx/fk'/ nufotsf cGo kmf+6fx?n] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] afx|l;Ëf
jyfg, lrQn, nu'gf, /t'jf h:tf xl/0f k|hfltsf hLjx?sf] pko'Qm jf;:yfg pknAw u/fPsf]
5 eg] cf/Ifleq, jflx/ / r"/]sf] 6fs'/f (Hill
Top) df /x]sf ljleGg tfn tn}ofx? / l;d;f/ If]qx? h:t} M /fgLtfn, ;f]nuf}8L
tfn, afaftfn, lemnldnf, j]bsf]6, ;'Gb]p h:tf tfnx? / sfnLls+r, k'/}gLtfn,
;f]eftfn, nfdftfn, u9ljhnf tfn, jGtl/oftfn, tf/ftfn h:tf l;d;f/ If]qxn] nueu
#%) k|hfltsf r/fr'?ËLx? ljz]iftM /fhwg]if -Large
Hornbill), j+ufn
Înf]/Lsg, ;]tf]e'+8Lkmf]/, Wood Packer, wg]if,
do'/, sf]OnL, js'Nnf, kfgL xf+;,
hnsf}jf, x'§L6\ofp, King fisher, h'/]nL,
lgns07, / peor/x? h:t} uf]xL,
uf]x/f], s5'jf / ljleGg lsl;dsf
;l/;[kx?nfO{ jf;:yfg k|bfg ub}{ ;+/lIft u/]sf] 5 .g]kfns} ;a} eGbf ;3g jf3sf]
3gTj xflQ / u}+8f h:tf ljzfnsfo hgfj/x? / gLnufO / h/fof] ;+/If0fsf lgldQ
pko'Qm jf; :yfgsf] ?kdf oxf+sf jgh+un / cf/lIft If]qx? /xg' sf ;fy} s[i0f;f/
:yfgfGt/0fsf nflu pko'Qm jf; :yfg / xfjfkfgL /x+bf/x+b} klg r"/] If]q /
/fli6«o tyf ;+/lIft jgx?leq j9\b} uPsf] cltqmd0fsf sf/0f k|s[lt k|bQ oL h}ljs /
jfg:klts cd"No jGo ;Dkbfx?sf] ljgf;sf] qmd qmlds?kn] j9\b} uO{ /x]sf] 5 .
jif]{gL jg km8fgL eO{ s[lifof]Uo e"–efu j;f]jf;df kl/0ft x'g' /
jGohGt'x?sf] jf;:yfg / k|hfltdf x|f; x'g' h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf lgldQ ljs/fn
r'gf}tLsf ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] ljifd xfjfkfgLn] hLjhGt' / jg:kltx?nfO{
t/fO{, kxf8 / l;d;f/ If]q h:tf ;+/lIft ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf jf;:yfg pknAw u/fPsf] ePtf
klg hg;+Vof / j;fO{–;/fOsf] cTolws rfk / e"ldsf] pj{/fkgsf sf/0fn] sl/j $
bzs cl3b]lv g} oxf+sf] jgIf]q cltqmd0f / jg km8fgLsf] rk]6fdf kg{ uPsf] 5 . k6s
k6s >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f jf9L, klx/f]af6 lkl8tx?sf] k'g:yf{kg, d'Qm sd}ofsf]
k'g{:yfkg / k'gjf{;sf] gfp+df k6s k6s u/L /fli6«o / ;+/lIft jgIf]qnfO{
;f3'+/fpb} n}hfg] sfo{ eO{ /x]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k hUuf kfpg] clenfiffdf ;'b"/ klZrdsf kxf8L lhNnf nufot b]zsf
cGo e"–efux?af6 cfk|jf;gsf] ;d:of j9\b} uO{{ /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf (%Ü
hg;+Vofn] OGwgsf ?kdf bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug'{ / k|lt kl/jf/n] b}lgs !@ lsnf]
bfp/fsf] vkt ug'{af6
jGo;Dkbfdfly cltl/Qm af]em a9]sf] 5 . /fli6«o / ;fd'bflos / ;+/lIft jgx?nfO{
;3gLs/0f ub}{ ltlgx?leq u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/ / jx'd"No hl8j'6Lx?sf] pTkfbg ug'{
lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . /fli6«io tyf cGt//fli6«o ahf/sf] ljZn]if0f u/L u}/sfi7
k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t hl8j'6L k|zf]wg pBf]usf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngtkm{ ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtf x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . lhNnfdf xfn;Dd
#&&*(( sf] hg;+Vof / #*)#&^ rf}kfofx? /xL cfPsf 5g\ . h;dWo] #!!*%#
:yfgLo cg'Tkfbs kz'x? 5g\ eg] dfq ^^#@@ pGgt hftsf kz'x? /x]sf] kfO{G5 . oL
cg'Tkfbs kz'x?sf] clgolGqt rl/r/gsf sf/0f /fli6«o / ;+/lIft jgIf]qx? cTolws
k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ?kaf6 k|lt x]S6/df k'g{pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf *)))
kf]y|f / kfy|Lx? Jofks r/Lr/gn] ;vfk eO{ /x]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf]
lbuf] pkof]uaf6 g} dfgj ;dfhsf] ;d'Ggtf eljiosf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n]
z'SnfkmfF6f jGo hGt' cf/IfnfO{ h}ljs cGj]if0f s]Gb|sf ?kdf :yflkt ug'{ kg]{,
lhNnfdf k|hflt ;+/If0fsf lgDtL 5'§} sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ;fy} jg:klt pBfg /
h}ljs pBfgsf] lgdf{0ftkm{ pGd'v x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /
;+nUgtfdf jg ;+/If0fnfO{ ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmd / sj'lnotL jg sfo{qmd cGtu{t
s[lif jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ul/j, c;xfo, ckfË / dlxnf ;d'bfoxnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
jgsf] x}l;otdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x
/ sj'lnolt pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?af6 x'g ;Sg] ;sf/fTds sfo{qmdx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L
;xeflutfTds ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd c3L j9fpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf cGtu{t kg]{ :yfgLo snf ;+:s[ltx?dWo] 8f]6nL
tyf yf? ;+:s[lt / cGo ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ hu]gf{ ub}{ wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s,
;fF:s[lts / ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ 7flgPsf j]bsf]6, lemnldnf,
sfnLls+r tfn, tf/ftfn, lji0f' dlGb/ -;fs]t wfd_ a}hgfy, l;4gfy, lqk'/f ;'Gb/L,
lgËnf;}gL dlGb/x? / k'gjf{; If]qdf /x]sf u'Djfx? ;d]t ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
cf/If If]qleq / jflx/sf tfn tn}of / l;d;f/ If]qx? /
k'/fTjlQs :ynx?sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fLo ;+j4{g u/L k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf]
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . r"/] hnfwf/ If]qnfO{ cf/Ifsf] ?kdf kl/0ft ub}{ yk
!(%!! x]S6/ r"/] If]q cf/lIft ug'{sf ;fy} z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/IfnfO{
lj:tfl/t ub}{ /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kl/0ft ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} z'SnfkmfF6f
jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] dWofjlt{ If]qsf] 3f]if0ff u/L /fli6«o jg / cf/If ;+/if0fsf]
ultljlwx?df hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j9L k|efjsf/L jgfpg] vfnsf r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .